COMMENT FROM NEWS

JIS ambiguous about data on teachers, commission
says

The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | Jakarta | Thu, April 24 2014, 6:26 PM

Jakarta News

The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) says the management of Jakarta International School (JIS) has not been forthcoming about information on students and teachers, which is needed for further investigation into the alleged rape of one of its pupils.

“Just the same as yesterday, JIS hasn’t been transparent,” said KPAI commissioner Putu Elvina at the Jakarta Police headquarters on Thursday, as quoted by Antara.

Elvina voiced hope that the JIS management would help police investigate the case. She said the school’s transparency in providing necessary data would be helpful for the police in uncovering and pursuing other suspects in the case.

“If JIS could be more cooperative there would likely be a list of suspects,” she said.

Elvina went on to say that JIS had provided different information to that provided by the parents of the victim.

Investigators from the Jakarta Police also intend to investigate claims of negligence made against the school. Rights groups have voiced suspicion that the alleged rape of the 6-year-old kindergartener was caused by negligence on the part of the school.

The police will also prosecute the JIS foundation for operating a kindergarten without a permit from the Education and Culture Ministry. The school allegedly violated Article 71 of Law No. 20/2003 on the national education system.

On April 21, the Education and Culture Ministry decided that kindergarteners in the 2013-2014 academic year could attend the school until the academic year ended, but prohibited the kindergarten from accepting new pupils for the next academic year. (put/ebf)

My comment :

In my opinion , an international school management jakarta ( JIS ) must immediately follow up because , many minors who have been victims of rape by a person who is not responsible . Weak supervision and lack of strong evidence that complicate police in exposing and pursuing other suspects .

. Allegations of rape of 6 -year kindergarten caused by negligence on the part of the actual school was just a mere excuse , which is actually a deliberate cover JIS management actions for fear that the good name of the foundation is going to be bad . JIS Foundation will be prosecuted by the authorities for not having a license to operate the kindergarten of the ministry of education and culture . And subjected to Article 71 of Law No. 20/2003 on the national education system .

I hope that child protection agencies and civilians can be as soon as possible to eradicate crime is happening in the JIS to seek information and clear evidence to the relevant parties such as teachers , clerks , security guards , gardener is forced to provide actual information , in order to reveal the perpetrators of crimes and will be given strict punishment for perpetrators of rape and other crimes

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/04/24/jis-ambiguous-about-data-teachers-commission-says.html

TIPS CARA MENJAWAB TEST TOEFL YANG BENAR

NAMA                        : WIDYA AYU NURHAYATI

KELAS          : 3EB24

NPM               : 27211386

LISTENING COMPREHENSION STRATEGY

Listening Comprehension is tested in the first part of the TOEFL, is used to determine your ability to understand conversations in English. In this section you will hear a series of conversations (dialogue or monologue well) derived from a tape recorder or other audio device.

In this first part you will need to listen carefully and concentrate on the conversation (dialogue and monologue), it dikarenkan you will not get a second chance to re-listen to a conversation. For most people, Listening comprehension is the most challenging and difficult in the TOEFL test. Because in addition to the actual TOEFL test requires our ability to speak English, he also deals with the strategy that we used in the test.

A. PUBLIC KEY

1 . Understanding the shape command on each piece well before exam day .

By understanding the form of an order well in advance before the exam it will save time and focus on direct examination about being tested . Learn form of direction on the part of each of the following so you do not have to listen anymore during examination

2 . Read the answer choices for each question as much as possible when the narrator is memb -way scramble and example problems .

This way you can save time . After reading the answer choices , you have to remember it , so you can focus while listening to the conversation .

3 . Listen with full concentration and focus your attention on the conversation you 're listening to .

In addition to attune our ears to get used to the conversation in English , you also have to train yourself to concentrate . After losing concentration , most likely you will lose the idea to answer the question correctly .

4 . Maximize your ability to listen to the first question in each section .

If you can not answer a question you do not have to be glued or regret . Soon forget and do not worry about it because you still have a question that you need to do next . Even if you can not answer certain questions do not let your answer sheet blank , because your score will not be reduced if the questions wrong answer . There will be lucky if the correct answer of your choice . Luck factor also plays a role in the TOEFL exam .

B. Part A : SHORT CONVERSATION

This section consists of a brief conversation between two people ( dialogue ) , both men and women . The conversation is usually the theme of daily life , from the workplace to the academic environment .

The key that you can use in the face of Listening Comprehension Part A is as follows :

5 . Focus your hearing on the second call .

Most of the material in question in Part A is the classification of questions about what was said or meant by the second speaker .

6 . Do not panic if you can not understand the conversation word for word completion . You only need to capture an idea or content of the conversation .

Although not fully understand the conversation you will still have the opportunity to answer correctly . This is because it is usually the main idea of ​​the conversation . You just need to focus more on the second speaker . Then select the answer that is a restatement of the second speaker that has changed in another sentence .

Example : ( female ) : I hope you are able to be really productive today .

( Man ) : It was so hot that I could not get any work done .

( Narrator ) : WHAT THE MAN MEAN ?

Answer options :

( A ) He's a lot Implemented Since the weather .

( B ) It can not be too hot to work .

( C ) He completed a lot of work regardless of the weather .

( D ) Unless it was very hot , he did not get much work done .

You only need to remember the word " hot " and " could not get the job done " . Questions raised just a restatement . So , you will understand the purpose of the second speaker that he could not menyekesaikan task because the air is too hot . In other words he could not finish the job because of the weather . So you choose the answer ( A ) .

7 . If you really can not understand what the speaker is saying both , choose the best answer is different from what you hear .

It has become a standard pattern in the TOEFL test , where the desired answer is usually to use words that are completely different to what was spoken by the second speaker . Therefore , hidarilah choose the same answer that you have heard from both speakers . This pattern only outwit the test participants .

Example : ( Female ) : Is Nicky will work on a science project with us ?

( Man ) : He prefers not to work on group projects .

( Narrator ) : WHAT THE MAN SAID ABOUT NICKY ?

Answer options :

( A ) He prefers to work alone .

( B ) Working group of his preference .

( C ) He is working on a project about the preferences of the group .

( D ) He projects that the group will not work .

If you choose the answer ( A ) without knowing what the real meaning of the second speaker , but just look at the answers to the most different from the second statement , then you have nothing to lose . Because you choose the correct answer .

8 . Understanding the functional forms of expression ( agreement , uncertainty , suggestion , surprise ) , idiomatic expressions , and situations when the conversation is done .

Listening Comprehension Section A contains questions with certain patterns , as shown below :

• Functional Expression

Is the statement with certain patterns , such as approvals , uncertainties , suggestions , and shock .

Functional Expression Example

1 . ) Agreement

( Women ) : I never want to take another test like that again .

( Men ) : You can say that again .

( Narrator ) : WHAT THE MAN MEAN ?

Answer options :

( A ) She was always talking about the test .

( B ) It's okay if the woman continues to speak .

( C ) He wants the woman to repeat what he said .

( D ) He agreed that the exam was horrible .

" You can say that again " indicates that the second speaker ( men) agreed that the test is difficult trsebut ( D ) .

2 . ) Uncertainty

( Women ) : Did you see the announcement in the lobby ?

( Men ) : What is the announcement ?

( Narrator ) : WHAT MEANS THE MAN

Answer options :

( A ) He did not see the announcement .

( B ) She was not sure what it means announcement .

( C ) He's definitely where the lobby .

( D ) He does not know what he meant .

The question " What is the announcement ? " The second speaker shows that he does not know exactly what is meant by a speaker to talk about the first ( D ) .

3 . ) Advice

( Man ) : Is college worth attending tonight ?

( Women ) : Without a doubt !

( Narrator ) : WHAT WOMEN ARE SAYING ABOUT THE COURSE ?

  Answer options :

( A ) He doubted college .

( B ) Shel'll go to college without a watch.

( C ) worth of college is uncertain .

( D ) He talks going Believe valuable .

By using the phrase " without a doubt " the speaker wants to convince both the first speaker that evening lectures will be invaluable later ( D ) .

4 . ) Surprise

( Man ) : You know , Jason really did not do a good job on the presentation .

( Women ) : I can not believe that he was not ready !

( Narrator ) : WHAT WOMEN SAY ABOUT Janson

Answer options :

( A) The amount which he prepared was outstanding .

( B ) He was surprised that he was not ready .

( C ) It is impossible to prepare a presentation .

( D ) What he Presentes was outstanding .

The phrase is used by both the speaker expresses shock over Janson uncertainty in making a presentation ( B ) .

• Idiomatic Expression

Idiomatic expression is a set of words or phrases that make up a particular meaning such that it can not be interpreted word for word . For example , the phrase " fly into a rage " in no way related to the meaning of "flying " . This phrase means " became very angry " .

This model would be out in each TOEFL exam . So , you have to specifically study the expression of idioms in the English language that contains a book that specifically addresses the idioms or slang words .

• situation

The questions in Part A are also often asked about a situation or condition that is being discussed by the two speakers . Usually the place , the possibility that will happen , or theme that they are talking about .

C. Part B : CONVERSATION LONGER

This section examines the long dialogue between two people . Each dialogue is followed by some questions . Conversations in this section is usually the theme of life and school campus , such as how a professor giving a lecture , a conversation between two students in this paper . In addition , this section also often take belakangkan news theme with a background in the United States , such as environmental issues , health and so on .

Here is an example of a conversation on the part of B :

In the tape recorder / audio you hear :

( Narrator ) : Questions 31 to 34 . Listening to a conversation between two students .

( Man ) : Hey , Tiffany . How do you want to increase the level of educational background and your history ?

( Women ) : John , I do not understand what you say about .

( Man ) : I just took my final in History 101 this afternoon , and I'm trying to get rid of the books . It cost eighty dollars .

( Women ) : Why do not you try to sell it back to the bookstore ?

( Man ) : I'm tired , but they just will reund twenty dollars , and I paid a lot more for them . I want to get at least forty dollars .

( Women ) : Well , I'm not going to take History 101 , so I'm not really interested in books . Maybe you should ask some other friends .

( Man ) : I 've had . Everyone I know has taken History 101 and did not want the books .

( Women ) : Why do not you put some ads in the history of the bulding ? Maybe someone you do not know will contact you and buy it .

( Man ) : I 'll try , but I do not think that will work .

( Women ) : Then you 'll have to go back to the bookstore . After all , twenty dollars is better than nothing .

question :

31 . ( Narrator ) : What is this topic ?

Answer options :

( A ) Price textbooks .

( B ) History 101 .

( C ) University bookstore .

( D ) How to sell used books .

32 . ( Narrator ) : Why do men pull in selling his books ?

Answer options :

( A ) He is in desperate need of money .

( B ) Reading does not interest him .

( C ) He finished using them .

( D ) He prefers to have the books cheaper .

33 . ( Narrator ) : Why do not people want to sell books on the bookstore ?

Answer options :

( A ) The bookstore does not want to buy it .

( B ) He will not get enough money .

( C ) He does not like the book store ads .

( D ) It's too late to sell them to bookstores .

34 . ( Narrator ) : What women shows that men do?

Answer options :

( A ) Post a few ads .

( B ) Take 101 history .

( C ) Give the book to the bookstore for nothing .

( D ) Keep the book .

To conduct inquiries under Part B is a key that can be used as a weapon to work well .

9 . When the narrator discusses the direction of Part B you must read the answer choices first glance and then record it and predict what will be the theme of the talk .

You just need to catch a few words that can describe the conversation later . In this way we will hear much easier to follow and understand your speech will be heard .

10 . When listening to the conversation , you must know what the theme / topic .

You can train yourself to get used to quickly read the answer choices and then think carefully about the theme or topic is expected .

Beware of spoken conversation mentioned by the first speaker , because this is usually where the main idea , topic , or subject in question .

11 . Beware any questions .

Different from Part A , Part B in listening you will hear a series of long dialogue and then have to answer the four questions at once without repetition conversation . For that you have to be alert and focused to hear the questions read by the narrator . You only have a very short time to choose the correct answer before the narrator reads the following questions .

12 . Note the conditions and situations that occur during a conversation , the conversation about where and when , what and who are concerned .

You should be able to make conclusions about the situation because the talks in Part B are often asked to make inferences or conclusions about the conversation . To obtain the conclusion of the conversation you should be able to capture the data or information as possible from the conversation . Records relating to the time , place , who spoke and what was said in your memory . To that end , focused concentration is very important in the TOEFL exam section .

If you can not answer , pick the one you most trust . You will not get the consequences , if not , you have the opportunity to win extra points .

D. Part C : Discussion

This section consists of three long monologue conversation . The discussion in this section is usually also take the background of academic life : such as a lecture or speech presentation , and news topics that are hot in the United States .

13 . If you have time , take a look at the answer choices listed in the book and find keywords .

You do not have to read in detail because time is very short . Remember , you only have time to read the direction of the narrator . Because after that you have to concentrate on the conversation you 're listening to . So when reading the answer choices , you just need to capture some of the key words and then try to get an idea of the topics to be discussed . You also must be able to anticipate or predict what questions will be asked . This way you will listen to the conversation will be much easier . This is because when you can expect a theme , your memory for all things related to the theme will be active . Aktiasi allows you to become more familiar with the material you are going to listen to the conversation .

14 . Be careful discussion in the first sentence because it usually will be the topic for the next sentences .

Topic is the question that is often raised in the listening section C. It is usually always terletakpada talks first part , which is the third to the first sentence . Armed with the 13 keys , you will be stable for the first part of the conversation listening monologue .

15 . Focus your hearing on matters relating to question 5 - wh ( what , who, when , where , why ) and how .

This section is mostly questioned things related to the question : what , who, when , where , mnegapa , and how . Untu it , you should be smart about the observed object in question , where the conversation took place and so on .

16 . Drawing conclusions / inferasi situation when the conversation is done .

In Section C exam frequently asked questions require our ability to perform inferasi / conclusions from what is discussed in the talks . This is what makes most of the TOEFL test takers difficulty in working out problems Part C. This is reasonable , because we did not get the exact same punishment between answer choices are available with a monologue that is recognized by the participant . Therefore before the exam , you must train your ability to conclude the conversation .

Similarly , 16 buttons that you can use to Listen Compregension TOEFL exam . Even if you do not know at all the answers to certain questions , you still have to choose one of the available answers . You still get an extra chance to score in this way .

Sumber:

Irham Ali Saifuddin, 2010, Buku Pintar TOEFL, DIVA Press, Yogyakarta.

http://www.studyabroad18.com/articles/toefl-strategies-for-listening-section.php

http://preparationtoefl.blogspot.com/2011/07/general-strategy-for-listening.html

TUGAS CERPEN

BERSAMAMU

Mentari pagi menyinari dedaunan berembun beserta kabut tebal disekitarnya. Awal hatiku yang kini penuh dengan pikiran tentangnya,senyum indahnya yang terlukis indah dalam benakku, kenangan-kenangan dengannya mulai terbentuk samar – samar adanya. Kembali teringat raut wajahnya,wajahnya yang merah padam ketika teman – temanku melontarkan ejekan padanya, wajahnya yang memucat ketika aku mulai melepaskan amarahku kepadanya. Kenangan bersamanya…. Tentangnya…

Aku berjalan memperhatikan sekitarku, kamar bernuansa putih bersih, bunga bermekaran di taman bunga kecilku, matahari pun menyinari terang cahaya kamarku disela – sela garis jendela yang terbuka. “aku ingin bertemu dengannya Tuhan,ia kekasihku..” ucap batinku perih. Semenjak keputusan bulatnya untuk bersekolah diluar kota, aku jarang mendengar kabar darinya lagi. Ia meninggalkan segalanya tentangku disini. Aku hanya merasa hampa,kesepian ini melekat tepat disampingku, tak pernah mau lepas dan tak pernah mau hilang. Sebari gelisah memikirkannya, ku hempaskan tubuh lelah ini, memejamkan kedua mataku, membiarkan batinku memainkan harmoni kenanganku bersamanya. Roby, seberapa jauhpun dirimu dari diriku, sungguh aku sangat merindukanmu Roby. Apakah sia – sia yang telah kupertahankan? Ku korbankan untuknya? Aku lelah menantimu disini.

Bersamamu

Setiap hari, kunantikan senyummu yang selalu mampu meluluhkan hatiku yang beku. Mencairkan suasana sakitku. Tawamu yang mampu membuatku mencintai dirimu lebih dari apapun. “engkau,hanya engkau,kekasihku”. Tak terasa air mata pun mengalir, kubiarkan rasa sakit ini terus menari dalam batin yang perih ini. Diantara peluh ini, diantara resah ini. Ku memandang hampa kamarku, mencari – cari sesuatu dan terhenti pada secarik kertas putih, kugapai lembut setiap lembaran kertas rapuh itu. Terlihat jelas ungkapan – ungkapan indah dalam lembarnya terurai menjadi sebuah kalimat indah nan menyentuh hati. Setiap kata – perkata membuatku kembali teringat hal tentang Roby…..

Saat itu, hari – hari yang sungguh menyebalkan. Aku jatuh sakit. Kondisi tubuhku tak mampu menanggung beban pekerjaan terlalu berlebih. Saat itu pun Roby tenggelam dengan semua kesibukannya. Dengan tersirat, ia tampak melupakanku. Aku terlelap dalam tidur istirahatku. “ aku sayang kamu Vany, maaf aku terlalu sibuk dan baru sempat sekarang menengokmu, tapi aku disini sayang aku selalu bersamamu”. Bisikan lembut itu membuatku tersenyum. Perlahan ku buka mataku, menemukannya tepat disampingku. Menggenggam erat tanganku dan memberikan senyuman manisnya. Dan akupun tersadar, aku kembali lagi pada hari ini……

Hari ini tanggal 10 juli, hari jadiku dengannya. Ia sudah berjanji akan datang, menemuiku untuk melepaskan rasa rindunya. Aku pun bangkit dari ranjangku, memikirkan hari ini, aku hanya tak ingin bersedih. Hari ini hari bahagiaku dengan kekasihku Roby. Hatiku mulai tergerak, bersama dengan ragaku yang mulai mengerti. Satu per satu dandanan melekat ditubuh ini. Ku tata rapih rambut panjang bergelombang, memakai gaun pemberian Roby yang sangat Roby sukai. Gaun putih minimalis dengan corak bunga cantik disetiap sudut tepi gaun itu.

Terdengar suara bel berbunyi, salam hangatnya terdengar hingga ruanganku. Aku ingin menyambutnya. Aku ingin menemukan senyumnya dan melepas seluruh rasa rinduku. Aku membuka pintu kamarku, mengintip dibalik tembok disebelah tangga dekat kamarku. “Roby…” aku tersenyum.

Ia menyembunyikan sesuatu dibalik tangannya. Wangi harum bunga tercium dan akhirnya aku berhasil menemukan kejutan darinya, bunga favoritku, Mawar. Ia disambut oleh ibuku tercinta, ia pun tersenyum, memberikan tawanya ketika ibuku mulai membicarakan hal yang menggelikan dihadapannya. Namun tiba – tiba Roby tampak gelisah, begitu pun Ibu. Tampak Roby menanyakan sesuatu. Tapi Ibu hanya tersenyum dan mempersilahkannya masuk. Aku perlahan mulai melangkahkan kakiku, masuk ke kamar dan bersiap- siap untuk menemuinya. Terdengar lantunan lagu, nada indah dengan harmoni lembut suara khas Roby, Aku terpesona, terpesona karena makhluk Tuhan yang indah ini, yang Tuhan kirimkan satu untukku yaitu Roby. Kembali ku pejamkan kedua mata, ditemani alunan musik yang Roby lantunkan. Ku kembali memulai sedikit nostalgia tentangnya. Bersamanya….

“Bila Engkau…………..”

Lagu dari Flanella ini adalah lagu pertama yang ia berikan kepadaku, sepintas ingatanku mulai menyentuh benak. Aku mengingat janjinya, janjinya padaku pada 1 tahun 6 bulan itu…

Aku sungguh marah sekali padanya, bodoh! Egois!. Aku tak mau menatapnya yang sedang berusaha membujukku untuk berbicara. Ia menarik kedua bahuku, membuatku berhadapan dengannya. Seketika ia membuatku terbeku, ia menatapku dalam, menggetarkan hati ini. Ia menggenggam lembut tanganku “vany, aku janji aku siap membahagiakan dirimu, aku berjanji , takkan pernah meninggalkanmu”. Tetesan air mata terasa mengalir dipipiku. Aku hanya bisa tersenyum, didekap hangat aku olehnya. Aku memejamkan mataku, membiarkan air mata terus mengalir. Perlahan seraya memelukku ia mulai melepasku.,.. Diciumnya lembut keningku.

Dan akupun kembali terbangun, kembali pada hari ini. Aku siap turun untuk bertemu dengan malaikatku, memberikan kejutan manis untuknya. Kuambil kumpulan kertas yang Roby berikan, sekotak bintang harapan, dan foto – fotoku dengannya. Ku tata rapih kembali semuanya dalam kotak merah muda berbentuk hati. Satu per satu tangga ku turuni, jantungku berdegup kencang. Roby tampak tersenyum kepadaku, namun, ia langsung menundukkan kepalanya. Aku duduk disampingnya, belum sempat ku menyentuhnya ia malah menatapku. Menatap dengan tatapannya yang sangat kosong… kosong, dingin. Ia bangkit dan terpaku memegang bunga cantik yang ia bawa. “rob..” ia tampak tak peduli. Ia hanya menarik nafas panjang, menghembuskannya dengan berat. Dadaku dipenuhi rasa sesak karena sikapnya. Ia mulai melangkah pergi. Aku mengikutinya, aku tak berani menyentuhnya, matanya menyiratkan amarah, amarah bercampur dengan kecewa. Perlahan pintu kamarku dibuka olehnya.. “Vany, kamu sudah tenangkah disana? Pergi jauh meninggalkanku. Hari ini kutepati janjiku bertemu denganmu.. Bersamamu adalah hal terakhir yang membuatku mengerti apa artinya seorang perempuan dimataku. Aku hanya ingin bersamamu Van,bersamamu..”

Kamarku yang semula begitu tenang, tampak usang. Tampak seperti sudah lama terabaikan. Aku menyadari sesuatu, aku tak mampu berkata apa-apa. Aku meninggalkannya? Aku? Apa aku hanya melihat apa yang ingin kulihat?. Aku melangkah mundur perlahan, air mataku tak mampu ku bendung. Emosi terpecah melebur dengan goresan dalam merobek hatiku. Melihatnya bersedih untuk terakhir kalinya, bukan bahagiaku Roby.. Bersamamu…

Sumber:

http://www.lokerseni.web.id/2013/06/kumpulan-cerpen-remaja-part-iii-update.html?m=1

PENGERTIAN NARASI DESKRIPSI EKSPOSISI ARGUMENTASI DAN PERSUASI

NARASI

Narasi adalah salah satu jenis pengembangan paragraf dalam sebuah tulisan yang rangkaian peristiwa dari waktu ke waktu dijabarkan dengan urutan awal, tengah, dan akhir. Jenis-jenis narasi 

• Narasi informatif Narasi informatif adalah narasi yang memiliki sasaran penyampaian informasi secara tepat tentang suatu peristiwa dengan tujuan memperluas pengetahuan orang tentang kisah seseorang

• Narasi ekspositorik Narasi ekspositorik adalah narasi yang memiliki sasaran penyampaian informasi secara tepat tentang suatu peristiwa dengan tujuan memperluas pengetahuan orang tentang kisah seseorang. Dalam narasi ekspositorik, penulis menceritakan suatu peristiwa berdasarkan data yang sebenarnya. Pelaku yang ditonjolkan biasanya, satu orang. Pelaku diceritakan mulai dari kecil sampai saat ini atau sampai terakhir dalam kehidupannya. Karangan narasi ini diwarnai oleh eksposisi, maka ketentuan eksposisi juga berlaku pada penulisan narasi ekspositprik. Ketentuan ini berkaitan dengan penggunaan bahasa yang logis, berdasarkan fakta yang ada, tidak memasukan unsursugestif atau bersifat objektif. 

• Narasi artistik Narasi sugestif adalah narasi yang berusaha untuk memberikan suatu maksud tertentu, menyampaikan suatu amanat terselubung kepada para pembaca atau pendengar sehingga tampak seolah-olah melihat. Ketentuan ini berkaitan dengan penggunaan bahasa yang logis, berdasarkan fakta yang ada, tidak memasukan unsur sugestif atau bersifat objektif. 

• Narasi sugestif Narasi sugestif adalah narasi yang berusaha untuk memberikan suatu maksud tertentu, menyampaikan suatu amanat terselubung kepada para pembaca atau pendengar sehingga tampak seolah-olah melihat.

Ciri-ciri Karangan Narasi 

• Menonjolkan unsur perbuatan atau tindakan. 

• Dirangkai dalam urutan waktu.

• Berusaha menjawab pertanyaan "apa yang terjadi?"

• Ada konfiks. Narasi dibangun oleh sebuah alur cerita. Alur ini tidak akan menarik jika tidak ada konfiks. Selain alur cerita, konfiks dan susunan kronologis, ciri-ciri narasi lebih lengkap lagi diungkapkan oleh Atar Semi (2003: 31) sebagai berikut: 

• Berupa cerita tentang peristiwa atau pengaalaman penulis. 

• Kejadian atau peristiwa yang disampaikan berupa peristiwa yang benar-benar terjadi, dapat berupa semata-mata imajinasi atau gabungan keduanya. 

• Berdasarkan konfiks, karena tanpa konfiks biasanya narasi tidak menarik. 

• Memiliki nilai estetika. 

• Menekankan susunan secara kronologis.

 Langkah-langkah menulis karangan narasi 

• Tentukan dulu tema dan amanat yang akan disampaikan 

• Tetapkan sasaran pembaca 

• Rancang peristiwa-peristiwa utama yang akan ditampilkan dalam bentuk skema alur 

• Bagi peristiwa utama itu ke dalam bagian awal, perkembangan, dan akhir cerita 

• Rincian peristiwa-peristiwa utama ke dalam detail-detail peristiwa sebagai pendukung cerita 

• Susun tokoh dan perwatakan, latar, dan sudut pandangan 

• mengerti aturan tanda bacanya dalam kalimat tersebut

DESKRIPSI

 Pengertian Paragraf deskripsi adalah paragraf yg berisi penggambarkan suatu objek, tempat, atau peristiwa tertentu kepada pembaca secara jelas dan terperinci sehinggga pembaca seolah-olah mlihat dan merasakan sendiri apa yg dideskripsikan oleh penulis.

Ciri-ciri : 

1. Menggambarkan atau melukiskan sesuatu. 

2.Penggambaran tersebut dilakukan sejelas-jelasnya dengan melibatkan kesan indera. 

3. Membuat pembaca atau pendengar merasakan sendiri atau mengalami sendiri. 

4. Menjelaskan ciri-ciri objek seperti warna, ukuran, bentuk, dan keadaan suatu objek secara terperinci.

Pola pengembangan paragraf deskripsi: 

1. Paragraf Deskripsi Spasial, paragraf ini menggambarkan objek kusus ruangan, benda atau tempat. 

2. Paragraf Deskripsi Subjektif, paragraf ini menggambarkan objek seperti tafsiran atau kesan perasaan penulis. 

3. Paragraf Deskripsi Objektif, paragraf ini menggambarkan objek dengan apa adanya atau sebenarnya

EKSPOSISI

Eksposisi adalah salah satu jenis pengembangan paragraf dalam penulisan yang dimana isinya ditulis dengan tujuan untuk menjelaskan atau memberikan pengertian dengan gaya penulisan yang singkat, akurat, dan padat. Contoh-contoh tulisan eksposisi adalah berita di koran dan petunjuk penggunaan.

Poin-poin penting dalam paragraf/karangan eksposisi Contoh topik:

• Data faktual, yaitu suatu kondisi yang benar-benar terjadi, ada, dan dapat bersifat historis tentang bagaimana suatu alat bekerja, bagaimana suatu peristiwa terjadi, dan sebagainya 

• Suatu analisis atau penafsiran objektif terhadap seperangkat fakta 

• Fakta tentang seseorang yang berpegang teguh pada suatu pendirian Contoh urutan analisis: 

• Urutan kronologis/proses, biasanya memaparkan proses, yaitu memberi penjelasan tentang bekerjanya sesuatu atau terjadinya suatu peristiwa 

• Urutan fungsional 

• Urutan atau analisis sebab akibat 

• Analisis perbandingan 

 Langkah-langkah penulisan:

• Menentukan tema

• Menentukan tujuan karangan

• Memilih data yang sesuai dengan tema

• Membuat kerangka karangan

• Mengembangkan kerangka menjadi karangan

Langkah-langkah Menyusun Paragraf Proses Pola pengembangan karangan eksposisi
 Bermacam-macam, di antaranya pola pengembangan proses. Paragraf proses itu menyangkut jawaban atas pertanyaan bagaimana bekerjanya, bagaimana mengerjakan hal itu (membuat hal ini), bagaimana barang itu disusun, bagaimana hal itu terjadi.

Berikut langkah penulisannya :

 • Penulis harus mengetahui perincian secara menyeluruh

• Membagi perincian atas tahaptahap kejadiannya. Bila tahap tahap kejadian ini berlangsung dalam waktu yang berlainan, penulis harus memisahkan dan mengurutkannya secara kronologis. 

ARGUMENTASI 

Argumentasi adalah salah satu jenis pengembangan paragraf dalam penulisan yang ditulis dengan tujuan untuk meyakinkan atau membujuk[pembaca. Dalam penulisan argumentasi isi dapat berupa penjelasan, pembuktian, alasan, maupun ulasan obyektif dimana disertakan contoh, analogi, dan sebab akibat. Tujuannya adalah agar pembaca yakin bahwa ide, gagasan, atau pendapat tersebut adalah benar dan terbukti. Kesimpulan dari paragraf tersebut ialah memilih SMA tanpa pertimbangan yang matang hanya akan menambah pengangguran.

Dilihat dari struktur informasinya, dalam paragraf argumentasi akan ditemukan:
• Pendahuluan, bertujuan untuk menarik perhatian pembaca, memusatkan perhatian pembaca kepada argumen yang akan disampaikan, atau menunjukkan dasar-dasar mengapa argumentasi dikemukakan.

• Tubuh argumen, bertujuan untuk membuktikan kebenaran yang akan disampaikan dalam paragraf argumentasi sehingga kesimpulan yang akan dicapai juga benar. Kebenaran yang disampaikan dalam tubuh argument harus dianalisis, disusun, dan dikemukakan dengan mengadakan observasi, eksperimen, penyusun fakta, dan jalan pikiran yang logis.

• Kesimpulan atau ringkasan, bertujuan untuk membuktikan kepada pembaca bahwa kebenaran yang ingin disampaikan melalui proses penalaran memang dapat diterima sebagai sesuatu yang logis. 

PERSUASI

Persuasi adalah suatu bentuk pengaruh sosial. Persuasi adalah proses membimbing diri sendiri atau yang lain terhadap adopsi ide, sikap, atau tindakan dengan cara rasional dan simbolik (meskipun tidak selalu logis).

Langkah menyusun persuasi:

1.    Menentukan topik/tema

2.    Merumuskan tujuan

3.    Mengumpulkan data dari berbagai sumber

4.    Menyusun kerangka karangan

5.    Mengembangkan kerangka karangan menjadi karangan persuasi

Contoh
Contoh tema/topik yang tepat untuk persuasi:

• Katakan tidak pada NARKOBA,

• Hemat energi demi generasi mendatang,

• Hutan sahabat kita,

• Hidup sehat tanpa rokok,

• Membaca memperluas cakrawala.

Contoh karangan persuasi pada umumnya:

Salah satu penyakit yang perlu kita waspadai di musim hujan ini adalah infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA). Untuk mencegah ISPA, kita perlu mengonsumsi makanan yang bergizi, minum vitamin dan antioksidan. Selain itu, kita perlu istirahat yang cukup, tidak merokok, dan rutin berolah raga, karena semua itu perlu proses dan cara yang berlanjut.

http://dibalikkataterselipcerita.blogspot.com/2013/02/narasi-deskripsi-eksposisi-argumentasi.html