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Sabtu, 31 Mei 2014

TOEFL STRUCTURE TO THE TEST


STRUCTURE
The structure section contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written English. These sentences include a variety of topics and give no particular advantage to individuals in any specific field of study.

1.      PRONOUNS
pronoun is a pronoun. the subject pronoun, the pronoun has a function as the subject.
Example  :
She has ....... there for three years
a.       stayed
b.       stay
c.       staying
d.       will stay

The answered is ( A )
2.      ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective clauses (relative clauses) are like "sentences inside sentences." The "job" of adjective clauses is to modify(describe, identify, make specific) the noun phrases that they follow. In their full forms, adjective clauses have several parts: arelative pronoun (or, in some cases, another kind of connecting word), a subject, and a predicate (a verb and, often, other types of words which follow it).

Example  :
Her english is ......
a.        look
b.        fluent
c.        fluently
d.        too

The answered is ( B )

3.      ADVERBS
you can use some of the adjectives that can be converted into an adverb by adding -ly
Example  :
He .... the book slowly
a.      reading
b.      reads
c.      eat
d.      kick

The answered is ( B )

4.      NOUN CLAUSES
A noun clause is a dependent clause that can be used in the same way as a noun or pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverb clauses. (To check a noun clause substitute the pronoun it or the proper form of the pronouns he or she for the noun clause.)

Example  :
I don’t have .... money to go to the cinema
a.        many
b.        much
c.         more
d.        most

The answered is ( B )



5.      GERUND
This looks exactly the same as a present participle, and for this reason it is now common to call both forms 'the -ing form'.Howeverit is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb).

Example  :     
My sister can ...... cheescake very nice.
a.       making
b.       make
c.        maked
d.       To make

The answered is B




6.      SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
We use the simple present tense to talk about regular or habitual actions.
For most verbs in the simple present tense, you must add an "s" to the end of the verb for he/she/it, as in, "Devan hates the holidays." However, for some verbs, you have to add es forhe/she/it, as in, "She watches a lot of TV," or, "He misses his mom." So how do you know when es is necessary? One rule to remember is that any verb ending in ch, sh or ss needs an es, not s, for he/she/it. For the other pronouns, i/you/we/they, regular verbs simply take the basic verb form.For example, "Iplay basketball," or, "We love watching movies." And remember, you can always put an always in front of a simple present verb to indicate that something happens all the time.

·     POSITIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (am/is/are)  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·      NEGATIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES?

Example  :
A bird ..... to the sky
a.     flew
b.     flown
c.     fly
d.     flies

The answered is ( D )

7.      PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing form) of a verb.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (am/is/are)  +  VERB-ing

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  VERB-ing

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :
they  ....... (to be/play) football.
a.        is play
b.        are playing
c.        is playing
d.       are play

The answered is ( B )

8.      PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS  +  NOT  +  VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

HAVE/HAS  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-3?

Example  :
She has .... been to australia.
a.      never
b.      ever
c.      have not
d.      since
The answered is ( A )

9.      PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
This tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAVE/HAS  +  NOT  +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

HAVE/HAS  +  SUBJECT  +  BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :
The students have .... english
a.     studied
b.     study
c.     studies
d.     the study

The answered is ( A )

10.  SIMPLE PAST TENSE
The simple past tense is used to talk about finished actions that happened at a specific time in the past. You state when it happened using a time adverb

You form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular verb but, irregular verb forms have to be learnt.

·     POSITIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  WAS/WERE  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·      NEGATIVE + TO BE

SUBJECT  +  WAS/WERE  +  NOT  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES

·     QUESTIONS

WAS/WERE  +  SUBJECT  + ADJECTIVE/NOUN/ADVERB OF PLACES?

Example  :
Mother .... friedrice two days ago.
a.     cook
b.     cooking
c.     cooked
d.    have cook

The answered is ( C )


11.  PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE (were/was)  +  VERB-ing

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  VERB-ing

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :
She .... (was/were wash) her dresser when you phoned her.
a.       was cleaning
b.       Were clean
c.       Were cleaning
d.       Was clean

The answered is ( A )


12.  PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect tense is used to show that one action in a sentence finishes before a second action begins. Words likebefore and after are indicators that the past perfect tense may be used; however, there are no strict rules for this situation. You must choose the best verb tense for your sentence.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD  +  NOT  +  VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

HAD  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-3?


Example  :
They had ..... their house before you reached
a.      leave
b.      lent
c.      left
d.      is leave

The answered is ( C )



13.  PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past perfect continuous tense indicates a continuous action that was completed at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending).

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  HAD  +  NOT  +  BEEN  + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

HAD  +  SUBJECT  +  BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :
They had been ... before their parents came
a.    leaving
b.   left
c.   to leave
d.   the leaving

The answered is ( A )


14.  FUTURE TENSE
There are several different ways in English that you can talk about the future.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-1?

Example  :
They .... the work in may.
a.     finished
b.     will finish
c.     finishing
d.    will finished

The answered is ( B )

15.  FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
The future continuous relates one action in the future to another specific action or time.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL BE  + VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  +  BE  +  VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  BE +  VERB-ING?


Example  :
Father will be .... new car the day after tomorrow.
a.        bought
b.        buying
c.         the buy
d.        are buying

The answered is ( B )

16.  FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
The future perfect tense indicates that an action will have been completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the future. This tense is formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form): "I will have spent all my money by this time next year. Iwill have run successfully in three marathons if I can finish this one.”

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +   HAVE +  VERB-3

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL/SHALL  +  NOT  +  HAVE  + VERB-3

·     QUESTIONS

WILL/SHALL  +  SUBJECT  +  HAVE  +  VERB-3?

Example  :
When yo come tomorrow, i .... prepared the material of meeting.
a.        will had
b.        shall have
c.        shall had
d.        will

The answered is ( B )


17.  FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future situation.

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL +   HAVE BEEN +  VERB-ING

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  +  NOT  +  HAVE  BEEN + VERB-ING

·     QUESTIONS

WILL  +  SUBJECT  +  HAVE BEEN  +  VERB-ING?

Example  :
By march 2014 we .... have been living in franch for five years.
a.        Will
b.        Have
c.        Shall
d.        Had

The answered is ( C )

18.  PAST FUTURE TENSE
Past future tense is a verb form used to express the events will be conducted in the past but not this time.
The formula:
Positive: S + would + V1
Negative: S + would + not + V1
Question: would + S + V1

Example  :
I ..... be here just now..
a.       would
b.      have
c.       should
d.      shall

The answered is ( C )

19.  PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past future tense continuous tense is used to express the events that will be being carried out, at a certain time in the future.
The formula:
Positive: S + would + be + Ving
Negative: S + would + not + be + Ving
Question: Would + S + be + Ving

Example  :
Mother .... (be wash) plates later.
a.       should be wash
b.      would be wash
c.       would be washing
d.      should be washing

The answered is ( C )

20.  PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Past tense is the future perfect tense is used to express something that's been happening, but it WILL but its position would have been passed.
The formula:
Positive: S + would + have + V3
Negative: S + would + not + have + V3
Question: would + S + have + V3

Example  :
Mother ..... sewed my t-shirt
a.        Should have
b.        would
c.        should
d.       would have

The answered is ( D )

21.  PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past continuous tense is the future perfect tense is used to express the events that will be, has been and still take place in the past, the past. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense about events or things that would have been taking place in the past.
The formula:
Positive: S + would + have + been + Ving
Negative: S + would + not + have + been + Ving
Question: S + would + have + been + Ving

Example  :
My aunt ...... have been .... as typer for two years by the end of this year.
a.          would,working
b.          should, working
c.          would, work
d.         should, work

The answered is ( A )

22.  WILL AND TO BE GOING TO
A very confusing concept is when to use WILL and when to use BE GOING TO when we refer the future. Both refer to the future but there is a slight difference but in most cases they can be used interchangeably with no difference in meaning. Even if you misuse them, a native speaker is going to understand you without any problems.

WILL

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  WILL  +  NOT  + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

WILL +  SUBJECT  +  VERB-1?

BE GOING TO

·     POSITIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE +  GOING TO + VERB-1

·      NEGATIVE

SUBJECT  +  TO BE  +  NOT  +  GOING TO + VERB-1

·     QUESTIONS

TO BE  +  SUBJECT  +  GOING TO  +  VERB-1?

Example  :
He   .....cinema with the boyfriend.
a.        watched
b.        watching
c.         Has watched
d.        Will watch

The answered is ( D )


23.  SO, TOO, NEITHER, EITHER



·     SO

SO  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  SUBJECT

·     TOO

SUBJECT  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  TOO

·     NEITHER

NEITHER  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  SUBJECT

·     EITHER

EITHER  +  AUXILIARY VERB  +  NOT  +  SUBJECT


Example  :
they call me last night, .... ?
a.        Did she
b.        So did they
c.         He does too
d.        So was she

The answered is B

TOP TOEFL GRAMMAR STRATEGY ( Silvester Goridus Sukur)
Smart Way to TOEFL ( Johan H.F. & Anne Juwita )





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